Because central acceptability and denial judgments differ considerably, disputed descriptive and theoretical claims require experimental or corpus support rather than untested introspection alone.

Because central acceptability and denial judgments differ considerably, disputed descriptive and theoretical claims require experimental or corpus support rather than untested introspection alone.

• What unifies the diverse strategies is a semantic mode that can modify and intensify existing assertions, questions, or commands, rather than a syntax-semantics entity exclamative.
• Based on experimental data from the cited studies, the authors concluded that the descriptive content of degree wh-exclamatives can be denied and that such exclamatives can felicitously answer information-seeking questions.
  Evidence for this premise (2)

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  the descriptive content also of degree wh-exclamatives can be denied, and that this type of exclamative can also be used as a felicitous response to an information-seeking question.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p3

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  the descriptive content also of degree wh-exclamatives can be denied, and that this type of exclamative can also be used as a felicitous response to an information-seeking question.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p3
• Prominent prior work reported introspective judgments about exclamatives that the authors regard as counter-intuitive and inaccurate.
  Evidence for this premise (2)

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  the judgment data presented in some of the most prominent works on this topic simply seemed counter-intuitive and not accurate.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p1

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  the judgment data presented in some of the most prominent works on this topic simply seemed counter-intuitive and not accurate.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p1
• Only a small number of studies have experimentally tested recurring and reproduced judgments about exclamations.
  Evidence for this premise (2)

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  There are only very few studies on exclamations that tested those recurring and reproduced judgments in actual experiments

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p2

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  There are only very few studies on exclamations that tested those recurring and reproduced judgments in actual experiments

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p2
• The authors agree that direct denial after the elliptical forms in (9) is stranger than denial after the non-elliptical forms in (10), but judge weak denial strategies after (9) to be acceptable; whether Esipova shares that judgment remains unknown.
  Evidence for this premise (2)

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  we do think that the weak denial strategies (which are generally preferred by subjects in analogous judgments; see Trotzke 2019) sound just fine

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p6

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  we do think that the weak denial strategies (which are generally preferred by subjects in analogous judgments; see Trotzke 2019) sound just fine

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p6
• Castroviejo judges that declarative, elliptical exclamative, and non-elliptical emotive-assertion responses are all felicitous both to a question about descriptive content and to one about emotional state; the authors agree with this judgment.
  Evidence for this premise (2)

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  We agree with her judgment that not only the non-elliptical version in (8d), but also the elliptical version in (8c) as well as the declarative in (8b) would be felicitous responses.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p5

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  We agree with her judgment that not only the non-elliptical version in (8d), but also the elliptical version in (8c) as well as the declarative in (8b) would be felicitous responses.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p5
• The new judgment data offered in the commentaries are largely uncharted territory for empirical study.
  Evidence for this premise (2)

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  this is all uncharted territory in terms of empirical studies.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p4

  The landscape of exclamations: brief musings on emotive language — Judgment disagreement and the case for experimental evidence

  this is all uncharted territory in terms of empirical studies.

  https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2008#unit-3-p4

These are challenges this argument’s reasoning pattern must still withstand. Answering them on Isonomia strengthens the argument.

• Is the literature really agreed that defects of kind K bias inferences in direction B, or is the bias direction itself contested?Open
• Does study S actually have defect D, or is the description of S inaccurate?Open
• Is the expected magnitude of the bias from D large enough to overturn S's reported effect, or is the effect robust to plausible bias corrections?Open
• Has S (or a follow-up study) performed a robustness check or sensitivity analysis that addresses defect D directly?Open
• Is this critique applied consistently — i.e., would it apply to studies on the other side of the debate that share the same defect kind K?Open
• Is H supported by independent studies that do not share defect D, such that S's defect does not undermine H itself?Open

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