Prior migration research gives conflicting accounts: migration and transnationalism may create cosmopolitan outlooks, but migration, travel, and pilgrimage do not necessarily produce cosmopolitan identities.

Evidence (1)

Habitus, Globalization, and Cosmopolitanism: How Dispositions, Class, and Migration Shape Global Self-Identification Differently in 74 Countries — Competing pathways through migration and class

experiences of migration, travel and pilgrimage do not necessarily produce either cosmopolitan sociabilities or identities.

https://doi.org/10.1177/14407833261430381#unit-2-p3

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