The clearest positive forced signal is the declining frequency of cyclonic conditions over Northern Europe (WR1), linked to the reduced poleward temperature gradient, implying continued forcing could further reduce WR1 and northwestern-European precipitation.

Evidence (1)

European summer drying largely driven by atmospheric circulation changes since the 1980s

The clearest forced signal appears in the decreasing frequency in cyclonic conditions over Northern Europe, linked to the reduced poleward temperature gradient

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02050-w#unit-6-pE1

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