MacVane included services such as merchants, bankers, bookkeepers, inventors, and managers when they were necessary to carry on material production effectively, but excluded physicians, teachers, legislators, and civil servants when their work was not required for material commodities to be supplied.

Evidence (1)

What counts as productive? Redefining ‘producers’ in economic discourse, 1890–1960 — Classical political economy: producers as creators of material wealth

‘necessary in order to carry on production effectively, and are as truly pro - ductive as is the labor of those who come into actual contact with the things produced’

https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2024.2404355#unit-4-p6

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