Regular caffeine consumption by adolescents aged 13–18 poses significant risks to sleep, cardiovascular health, and neurocognitive development, and should be subject to stricter regulatory limits and public health guidance.
Evidence (5)
Caffeine and adolescent brain functional organization (ABCD Study)
ABCD Study data showing caffeine intake in youth is negatively associated with cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and default-mode/dorsal-attention network anticorrelation.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0327385&type=printable
Caffeine, Daytime Sleepiness, and Conduct Problems Among Early Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis
Longitudinal study linking caffeine use to increased daytime sleepiness and conduct problems during middle school years.
https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(24)00556-1/abstract
Energy Drink-Related Cardiovascular Presentations in Children and Adolescents (2026)
Narrative review of pediatric cardiovascular presentations (chest pain, palpitations, arrhythmia) following energy drink consumption, noting absent global sales regulations.
https://www.cureus.com/articles/450434-energy-drink-related-cardiovascular-presentations-in-children-and-adolescents-a-narrative-review-and-practical-guide-for-management.pdf
Energy drinks at adolescence: Awareness or unawareness?
Review of energy drink effects on the developing brain and cardiovascular system, emphasizing that adolescents are the primary consumer demographic.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1080963/full
Wide awake at bedtime? Effects of caffeine on sleep and circadian timing in teenagers
Randomized crossover trial demonstrating caffeine suppresses melatonin and delays circadian onset in adolescents, compounding developmental sleep pressure.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980300.full.pdf
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