In free indirect discourse, example (21a) is interpreted as Adam expressing surprise at his own time and place, despite preterite tense and third-person pronouns.

Evidence (3)

Empirical and theoretical arguments against equating exclamatives and emotive assertions — Origo dependence, free indirect discourse, and the nature of exclamative attitude

So the origo shifts to Adam and his time and place despite the use of preterit tenses and 3rd person pronouns.

https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2001#unit-5-p6

Empirical and theoretical arguments against equating exclamatives and emotive assertions — Origo dependence, free indirect discourse, and the nature of exclamative attitude

So the origo shifts to Adam and his time and place despite the use of preterit tenses and 3rd person pronouns.

https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2001#unit-5-p6

Empirical and theoretical arguments against equating exclamatives and emotive assertions — Origo dependence, free indirect discourse, and the nature of exclamative attitude

So the origo shifts to Adam and his time and place despite the use of preterit tenses and 3rd person pronouns.

https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2001#unit-5-p6

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