On Reis's double-service view, exclamations use syntactic structures that independently serve other grammatical functions.

Evidence (1)

Empirical and theoretical arguments against equating exclamatives and emotive assertions — Internal form: verb position, complementizer choice, and discourse particles

exclamations of whatever form generally build on syntactic structures that have their own grammatical function independently of the exclamative use

https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2025-2001#unit-4-p1

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