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  "retrievedAt": "2026-08-24T19:49:58.389Z",
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    "text": "The commodified-utilities frame became dominant after World War II, defining productive activity as utility that is bought and sold through a market transaction."
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      "text": "Utility was already a highly prevalent productivity frame by 1890–1909: around 70% of all sampled textbooks and about 78% of texts discussing the boundary used it; after 1909 the range was 89–100%, and all boundary-discussing texts in 1910–1944 used it.",
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      "text": "A third frame treated intended utility creation as unproductive when it failed: labour was unproductive when wasted, misdirected, or inefficient, including activities such as competitive advertising that did not ultimately create utility.",
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