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  "retrievedAt": "2026-07-16T18:26:27.146Z",
  "createdAt": "2026-05-04T21:21:19.902Z",
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    "text": "The Bail et al. (2018) backfire effect demonstrates that cross-partisan exposure can increase polarization independently of algorithmic curation, supporting the inference that polarization from such exposure is not attributable to algorithms specifically."
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      "text": "Bail et al. (2018) delivered counter-attitudinal content via researcher-controlled bots that bypassed the platform's algorithmic ranking entirely.",
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      "text": "If cross-partisan exposure polarizes through psychological mechanisms rather than algorithmic mechanisms, then algorithms are not the causal factor in this pathway.",
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