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  "doi": null,
  "retrievedAt": "2026-08-24T19:49:24.237Z",
  "createdAt": "2026-08-09T01:29:43.216Z",
  "updatedAt": "2026-08-09T01:29:43.216Z",
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    "text": "After the marginal revolution, utility expanded the possible scope of production beyond material goods to immaterial services as well."
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      "text": "Classical political economy drew the production boundary materially: productive labour created, or was necessary to create, material wealth or vendible commodities.",
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      "text": "Utility was already a highly prevalent productivity frame by 1890–1909: around 70% of all sampled textbooks and about 78% of texts discussing the boundary used it; after 1909 the range was 89–100%, and all boundary-discussing texts in 1910–1944 used it.",
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      "text": "A third frame treated intended utility creation as unproductive when it failed: labour was unproductive when wasted, misdirected, or inefficient, including activities such as competitive advertising that did not ultimately create utility.",
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      "text": "The marginal revolution shifted economics' object of knowledge from material wealth to utility, understood as the capacity of material objects or immaterial services to satisfy desires, wants, or needs.",
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      "text": "A generic utilities frame defined production simply as the creation of utility, without specifying what counts as utility or how to measure it.",
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