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  "retrievedAt": "2026-08-24T19:48:49.884Z",
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    "text": "The deactivation design's bundling limitation is empirically bounded because the same design detected polarization effects in 2018 despite identical substitution patterns, confirming the 2024 null reflects genuine attenuation rather than substitution masking."
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      "text": "The earlier Allcott et al. (2020) deactivation experiment detected a statistically significant 0.16 SD reduction in political polarization despite users substituting toward watching TV alone, demonstrating the design can detect effects through substitution.",
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