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  "retrievedAt": "2026-07-16T18:20:55.646Z",
  "createdAt": "2026-05-08T23:29:59.611Z",
  "updatedAt": "2026-05-08T23:29:59.611Z",
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    "text": "The three large null experiments refute the ideological-diversity/echo-chamber pathway to algorithmic polarization but do not address the AAPA-amplification pathway identified by Piccardi et al. (2025), which remains supported by only one 10-day study on a single platform."
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      "text": "Guess et al. (2023) randomized 23,377 Facebook and Instagram users to chronological versus algorithmic feeds for three months during the 2020 election and found no effect on affective polarization.",
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      "text": "Nyhan et al. (2023) experimentally reduced exposure to like-minded sources on Facebook and found no reduction in affective polarization, ideological extremity, or candidate evaluations.",
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      "text": "Guess et al. (2023) on reshares similarly found that removing reshared political content from feeds did not affect polarization outcomes.",
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