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  "retrievedAt": "2026-07-16T18:25:11.789Z",
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    "text": "User choice is the larger contributor to ideological exposure filtering on Facebook per Bakshy et al. (2015), though this addresses only the echo-chamber pathway and does not rule out a separate animosity-amplification mechanism that Bakshy did not measure."
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      "text": "Iyengar et al. (2012) shows affective polarization was substantial in the 1980s, establishing that partisan identity strength predates social media.",
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      "text": "Eady et al. (2019) found most Twitter users are exposed to substantial cross-cutting content, and Eady et al. (2023) found foreign-influence exposure concentrated in already-polarized minorities with no attitude change.",
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