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  "retrievedAt": "2026-08-24T19:49:34.407Z",
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    "text": "Global self-identification is therefore produced by context-dependent configurations of particular dispositions, migration, class fractions, and societal conditions, not by a unified upper-class, migrant, transnational, global, or cosmopolitan habitus."
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      "text": "Experience-oriented dispositions are the most consistently cosmopolitan, while tradition-seeking generally aligns with national orientation and status-seeking does not consistently drive cosmopolitanism.",
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      "text": "Using World Values Survey data from 2005–2015, the study examined class, migration, and habitual dispositions in relation to global self-identification across 74 countries and nearly 100,000 respondents.",
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      "text": "Habitual dispositions predict cosmopolitan attitudes above migration, class, and sociodemographic factors: traditional and security-minded people are less globally oriented in almost all countries, while hedonistic and adventurous people are more globally oriented almost everywhere.",
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